{"id":1874,"date":"2025-08-19T12:04:06","date_gmt":"2025-08-19T12:04:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.lopsssdoner.com\/?p=1874"},"modified":"2025-08-19T12:04:07","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T12:04:07","slug":"yabanci-ve-azinlik-okullarinin-turk-hukukundaki-statusu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/2025\/08\/19\/yabanci-ve-azinlik-okullarinin-turk-hukukundaki-statusu\/","title":{"rendered":"YABANCI VE AZINLIK OKULLARININ T\u00dcRK HUKUKUNDAK\u0130 STAT\u00dcS\u00dc"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
Dr. Nuri YA\u015eAR<\/em><\/td><\/tr>
1. Yabanc\u0131 Okullar\u0131 ve Az\u0131nl\u0131k Okullar\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve bu okullar\u0131n hukuki dayanaklar\u0131\u00dclkemizde, “Yabanc\u0131lara ait okullar” denen “yabanc\u0131 okullar” ve T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan “Az\u0131nl\u0131klara ait okullar”dan olu\u015fan “az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131” olmak \u00fczere iki t\u00fcr vard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 e\u011fitim tarihi, ulusal kurumlar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun yap\u0131s\u0131ndan ve i\u00e7inde ya\u015fan\u0131lan “en uzun y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131n” \u00f6zelliklerinden kaynaklanan geli\u015fmelerle doludur.Bunlardan konumuz i\u00e7inde kalan iki tip okul ayr\u0131ca “\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fkenli” bir denklemin sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gerek “yabanc\u0131” gerekse “az\u0131nl\u0131k” okullar\u0131 sadece Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile “D\u00fcvel-i Muazzama” aras\u0131ndaki siyasi m\u00fccadelenin hukuksal birer sonucu olmaktan \u00f6te, sosyolojik olarak da Osmanl\u0131 modernle\u015fmesinin \u00e7ok say\u0131daki dinami\u011finin de\u011fi\u015fik dini ve etnik cemaatler \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkininde birer \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcrler.Ancak, bu kurumlar\u0131n, olgusal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Cizvitler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 16. y\u00fczy\u0131la, Kapu\u00e7inler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar \u00fczerinde misyoner faaliyetlerde bulunman\u0131n nafileli\u011fini anlayan bu dini \u00f6rg\u00fctler \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan unsurlar \u00fczerine y\u00f6neltmek zorunda kal\u0131nca, Osmanl\u0131 “millet sistemi”nin cemaatlere tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 kolayl\u0131klardan yararlanarak ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ruhsats\u0131z olarak faaliyetlerine devam etmi\u015flerdir. Ulusal bilin\u00e7lenme dolay\u0131s\u0131yla balkanlardaki gayrim\u00fcslim unsurlar \u00fczerinde bile etki kuramayan bu okullar, daha \u00e7ok bu t\u00fcr bir bilin\u00e7ten uzak H\u0131ristiyan Arap ve Ermeni topluluklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r.Yukar\u0131da \u00f6zetlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z geli\u015fmeler sonucunda denilebilir ki, “Az\u0131nl\u0131k” okullar\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasal-sosyolojik de\u011fi\u015fimin, “yabanc\u0131” okullar ise olgusal varl\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, hukuksal olarak tamam\u0131 ile ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f\u0131 do\u011furan uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve “Lozan Mektuplar\u0131” mektuplar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuksal belirsizli\u011fin sonucudur. En do\u011fru tan\u0131mlamayla “Yabanc\u0131lara ait okullar”denebilecek bu okullar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, “Lozan Mektuplar\u0131” denen mektupla\u015fmalara muhatap olmu\u015f olan \u0130talya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019ya, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri (ABD)\u2019ne son bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise, “di\u011fer Devletlere ait” bulunmaktad\u0131r. Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131nda “yabanc\u0131” e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 bahsedilmemesine ra\u011fmen, Lozan Mektuplar\u0131 denen mektuplarla 30 Ekim 1918\u2019en \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde mevcut yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131n imtiyaz ve garantilerinin devam edece\u011fi bildirilmi\u015f ve T\u00fcrk Devleti bu mektuplara, Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir maddesiymi\u015f gibi ba\u011fl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.”Lozan Mektuplar\u0131na muhatap \u00fclkelere ait okullar”, Lozan Andla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yedi y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli mektuplar\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirmeleri ile hi\u00e7 bir dayana\u011f\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca, “Lozan mektuplar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmden d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmakla beraber tan\u0131nmaya devam edilmesi” gere\u011fi \u00fczerinde \u0131srar edilmesiyle, art\u0131k “kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak” s\u00f6z konusu olmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan “m\u00fctekabiliyet” esas\u0131na g\u00f6re de yararlan\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n bu konuda hi\u00e7 bir \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131ndan ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015f\u00e7ilerimizin ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim sorunlar\u0131ndan belli olmaktad\u0131r.\u0130kinci grubu olu\u015fturan ABD\u2019ye ait ve ger\u00e7ekte misyoner kurumlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131 ise, 1922 tarih ve 1718 say\u0131l\u0131 Bakanlar Kurulu Karar\u0131 ile “yenileri a\u00e7\u0131lmamak” ve “mevzuata uymak” ko\u015fulu ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam edebileceklerdir.\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc grup olan “di\u011fer \u00fclkelere ait \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131” ise, Avusturya, Almanya, \u0130ran ve Bulgaristan\u2019a ait bulunmaktad\u0131r.\u015eu halde, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumu ile, \u00fclkemizde toplam yedi yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeye ait “yabanc\u0131 okul” bulunmaktad\u0131r.2. Yabanc\u0131 Ve Az\u0131nl\u0131k Okullar\u0131na Hakim Esaslar<\/strong>Yabanc\u0131 okullar\u0131 ve Az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na birer tez konusu olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ancak, bunlar\u0131 burada konumuzu ilgilendiren yan\u0131, yani e\u011fitim sistemimiz i\u00e7inde i\u015fgal ettikleri yer itibar\u0131yla k\u0131saca ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. 18. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak, 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile hukuken tamamlanan az\u0131nl\u0131klar problemi, \u00fclkemize bir istisnai paket olarak bu d\u00f6nemden kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin ba\u015f\u0131na dert olan az\u0131nl\u0131klar teorisi ve prati\u011fi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00fclkemiz \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.24.7.1923 tarihli Lozan Andla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 40 ve 41. maddeleri az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131na ili\u015fkindir. Devletin okulu olarak de\u011fil de, Devlet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Lozan Andla\u015fmas\u0131 ile garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131, klasik anlamda \u00f6zel okullardan fakl\u0131 olarak, az\u0131nl\u0131k cemaatlerine ait bulunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, bu okullar\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131, en ba\u015f\u0131nda, ilgili cemaatin fiilen ve hukuken varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcp s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmemesine ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. “Yabanc\u0131 okullar” \u00fclkemiz vatanda\u015f\u0131 ya da kurulu\u015fu olmayan yabanc\u0131lara ait okullar\u0131 anlat\u0131rken, “Az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131” ise ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00fclkemizde mevcut ve Lozan Andla\u015fmas\u0131 ile “az\u0131nl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fc”nde garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan, mensuplar\u0131 birer T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan Rum, Ermeni ve Yahudi Cemaatlerine, yani \u00fclkemizde resmen tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f tek az\u0131nl\u0131k grubu olan gayrim\u00fcslimlere ait bulunmaktad\u0131rlar. Hukuksal dayanak ve \u00e7er\u00e7evesi itibar\u0131yla Her iki okul t\u00fcr\u00fc de, art\u0131k tamam\u0131 ile uluslar aras\u0131 hukukun konusudur.Nitekim, 1982 Anayasas\u0131 da e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin ifas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fcktesep haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, e\u011fitime hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin 42. maddenin 9. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n son c\u00fcmlesinde: “(…)Milletleraras\u0131 andla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri sakl\u0131d\u0131r”. demektedir. Bundan az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131n\u0131n kastedildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.3. Yabanc\u0131 ve Az\u0131nl\u0131k Okullar\u0131n\u0131n Faaliyeti<\/strong>A\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, geni\u015fletilmesi, devredilmesi ve kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kimlerin devam edece\u011fi \u00f6zel kurallara ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunan, gerek “yabanc\u0131lara” gerekse “az\u0131nl\u0131klara” ait, okullar\u0131n Anayasaya, yasalar ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olacaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, “yabanc\u0131” ve “az\u0131nl\u0131k” okullar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcfredat programlar\u0131 Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmad\u0131k\u00e7a uygulanamaz ve bu okullar taraf\u0131ndan, “d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan okul bitirme” imtihanlar\u0131 yap\u0131lamaz. Ayr\u0131ca, bu okullar\u0131n baz\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerinin belirlenmesi de \u00f6zellik g\u00f6stermektedir.\u0130ster “yabanc\u0131lara” ister “az\u0131nl\u0131klar”a ait olsun, b\u00fct\u00fcn okullar, 625 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00d6\u00d6KK\u2019 nun 2. maddesi uyar\u0131nca Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n denetim ve g\u00f6zetimi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hukuk \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sahip olduklar\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fclkenin hukuk d\u00fczenine sayg\u0131lar\u0131 esast\u0131r.Ancak, bunlar\u0131n e\u011fitim \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn evrensel standartlara uygun olarak verilmesine T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin engel olmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamaz. Di\u011fer yandan, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun kabul etti\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n getirilmesine engel olunmamas\u0131 gerekir. \u00d6EKK\u2019 nun 25. maddesine g\u00f6re: “Bu kanunun yay\u0131m\u0131 tarihinde mevcut olup 23 A\u011fustos 1923 tarih ve 340 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanuna ba\u011fl\u0131 Andla\u015fman\u0131n 40 ve 41 inci maddeleriyle ilgisi bulunan okullar\u0131n \u00f6zellik g\u00f6stermesi gereken hususlar\u0131 y\u00f6netmelikle tespit edilir.Y\u00f6netmelik, ilgili memleketlerin bu konudaki m\u00fctekabil mevzuat ve uygulamalar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmak suretiyle haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Y\u00f6netmelikte belirtilmeyen hususlarda resmi okullar mevzuat\u0131 uygulan\u0131r. Bu okullarda yaln\u0131z T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 okuyabilirler.”.\u00d6zel okullar ve yabanc\u0131-az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na birer tez konusu yap\u0131lmay\u0131 hak edecek derecede \u00f6nemlidirler. Bu konunun en ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ile incelenmesi, hem bu okullar\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc fonksiyonu, hem de ileride do\u011facak olan muhtemel s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 engellemeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rabilir.Yabanc\u0131 okullar konusunda en temel sorunlardan biri, kanaatime g\u00f6re,\u00fclkemizin Yunanistan ile sorunlu ili\u015fkilerine saplanarak, kendi korumas\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki az\u0131nl\u0131klara yap\u0131lan muameleyi hakl\u0131 g\u00f6sterme \u00e7abas\u0131na girmesi ve b\u00f6ylece bir \u00e7ok temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kendi geni\u015f ve y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcr zenginli\u011finden gelen bir g\u00fc\u00e7le de\u011fil de kendisinden “endi\u015fe” duyan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00fclkeyle olan ili\u015fkilerine angaje olmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece daha ileri bir \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturmaktan ve bunun yarataca\u011f\u0131 politik kolayl\u0131klardan yaralanacak olmaktan yoksun kalmas\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa bug\u00fcn ayn\u0131 noktaya uluslararas\u0131 hukukun g\u00fcc\u00fc ve zorlamas\u0131 gere\u011fi gelinmekte ancak bu geli\u015fme de ya\u015fanan ac\u0131lar\u0131 azaltmamaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn art\u0131k, hi\u00e7 olmazsa \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenen e\u011fitim alan\u0131n\u0131n siyasi-diplomatik alandan olabildi\u011fince uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gere\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Nuri YA\u015eAR 1. Yabanc\u0131 Okullar\u0131 ve Az\u0131nl\u0131k Okullar\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve bu okullar\u0131n hukuki dayanaklar\u0131\u00dclkemizde, “Yabanc\u0131lara ait okullar” denen “yabanc\u0131 okullar” ve T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan “Az\u0131nl\u0131klara ait okullar”dan olu\u015fan “az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131” olmak \u00fczere iki t\u00fcr vard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 e\u011fitim tarihi, ulusal kurumlar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun yap\u0131s\u0131ndan ve i\u00e7inde ya\u015fan\u0131lan “en uzun y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131n” \u00f6zelliklerinden kaynaklanan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-makalelink"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1874","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1874"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1874\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1875,"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1874\/revisions\/1875"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1874"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1874"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abchukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1874"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}